Oral and fecal polio vaccine excretion following bOPV vaccination among Israeli infants.

INTRODUCTION: Inactivated polio virus (IPV) vaccinations are a mainstay of immunization schedules in developed countries, while oral polio vaccine (OPV) is administered in developing countries and is the main vaccine in outbreaks. Due to circulating wild poliovirus (WPV1) detection in Israel (2013), oral bivalent polio vaccination (bOPV) was administered to IPV primed children and incorporated into the vaccination regimen. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine the extent and timeframe of fecal and salivary polio vaccine virus (Sabin strains) shedding following bOPV vaccination among IPV primed children. METHODS: Fecal samples were collected from a convenience sample of infants and toddlers attending 11 Israeli daycare centers. Salivary samples were collected from infants and toddlers following bOPV vaccination. RESULTS: 398 fecal samples were collected from 251 children (ages: 6-32 months), 168 received bOPV vaccination 4-55 days prior to sample collection. Fecal excretion continued among 80 %, 50 %, and 20 %, 2, 3, and 7 weeks following vaccination. There were no significant differences in the rate and duration of positive samples among children immunized with 3 or 4 IPV doses. Boys were 2.3-fold more likely to excrete the virus (p = 0.006). Salivary shedding of Sabin strains occurred in 1/47 (2 %) and 1/49 (2 %) samples 4, and 6 days following vaccination respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Fecal detection of Sabin strains among IPV-primed children continues for 7 weeks; additional doses of IPV do not augment intestinal immunity; limited salivary shedding occurs for up to a week. This data can enhance understanding of intestinal immunity achieved by different vaccination schedules and guide recommendations for contact precautions of children following bOPV vaccination.

SARS-CoV-2 Epidemic in the Israeli Defense Force-Lessons Learned From Our rt-PCR Screening Policy.

BACKGROUND: During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, multiple preventative measures were used to prevent the virus from spreading in the population. The Israeli defense force deployed further means to contain the disease, including putting units in quarantine, physical distancing and using masks, gowns and disinfectants when in contact with suspected patients. METHODS: We used reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) tests to screen for patients among asymptomatic soldiers within units participating in civilian aid or in close contact with known patients, using personal protective equipment. Positive results were repeated and followed with serological testing to verify the nature of results. RESULTS: Between April and May 2020, we screened a total of 1,453 soldiers in 13 different units. We found 11 false positive results, leading to unnecessary measures until resolution, and three true positive results (0.2%). All true positive results had unreported symptoms concomitant with SARS-CoV-2 disease. These results led to the resolution of this screening policy. CONCLUSION: Screening asymptomatic army personnel in this setting with rt-PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 is not warranted and leads to unnecessary false positive results. Efforts should be directed at identifying symptomatic patients.

Prevalence and Characteristics of Carriage of Neisseria meningitidis Among Young Israeli Adults.

Background: No updated data currently exist regarding Neisseria meningitidis carriage and genomic epidemiology among young Israeli adults. Methods: Oropharyngeal swabs were collected from 1801 military recruits on the day of recruitment during 2019. Neisseria meningitidis was detected and identified by culture and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Confirmed isolates were serotyped by qPCR, and encapsulated strains underwent whole-genome sequencing. Risk factors for carriage were determined by analyzing focused questionnaires using uni- and multivariate models. Genomic typing was performed by means of core genome multilocus sequence typing. Results: Carriage rates overall and of encapsulated strains were 20.1% and 6.7%, respectively. Genogroups B (49.2%) and Y (26.7%) were the most commonly encapsulated strains. Genogroups C, W, and X were scarce, and genogroup A was absent. The most notable clonal complexes (CCs) were CC23 (n = 30), CC32 (n = 16), and CC44/41 (n = 9). Carriage was significantly associated with smoking (odds ratio [OR], 1.82; 95% CI, 1.43-2.33) and boarding school attendance before recruitment (OR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.14-1.96). Conclusions: The prevalence of meningococcal carriage among young Israeli adults is high, compared with similar studies in other developed countries. This might be due to sociocultural characteristics including smoking and boarding school attendance during and after high school. The dominant genogroups and CCs found were compatible with those implicated in invasive disease in Israel.

The use of aspirin for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease is associated with a lower likelihood of COVID-19 infection.

Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) is commonly used for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Aspirin use is associated with better outcomes among COVID-19 positive patients. We hypothesized that the aspirin use for primary cardiovascular disease prevention might have a protective effect on COVID-19 susceptibility and disease duration. We conducted a retrospective population-based cross-sectional study, utilizing data from the Leumit Health Services database. The proportion of patients treated with aspirin was significantly lower among the COVID-19-positive group, as compared to the COVID-19-negative group [73 (11.03%) vs. 1548 (15.77%); P = 0.001]. Aspirin use was associated with lower likelihood of COVID-19 infection, as compared to nonusers (adjusted OR 0.71 (95% CI, 0.52 to 0.99; P = 0.041). Aspirin users were older (68.06 ± 12.79 vs. 56.63 ± 12.28 years of age; P < 0.001), presented a lower BMI (28.77 ± 5.4 vs. 30.37 ± 4.55; P < 0.0189), and showed higher prevalence of hypertension (56, 76.71%), diabetes (47, 64.38%), and COPD (11, 15.07%) than the aspirin nonusers (151, 25.64%, P < 0.001; 130, 22.07%, P < 0.001; and 43, 7.3%, P = 0.023, respectively). Moreover, COVID-19 disease duration (considered as the time between the first positive and second negative COVID-19 RT-PCR test results) among aspirin users was significantly shorter, as compared to aspirin nonusers (19.8 ± 7.8 vs. 21.9 ± 7.9 P = 0.045). Among hospitalized COVID-positive patients, a higher proportion of surviving subjects were treated with aspirin (20, 19.05%), as opposed to 1 dead subject (14.29%), although this difference was not significant (P = 0.449). In conclusion, we observed an inverse association between the likelihood of COVID-19 infection, disease duration and mortality, and aspirin use for primary prevention.

The Association Between Keratoconus and Body Mass Index: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study Among Half a Million Adolescents.

PURPOSE: To analyze the association between keratoconus and body mass index (BMI) among adolescents. DESIGN: Cross sectional study. METHODS: This was a nationwide, population-based study of candidates for military service in Israel attending the draft board in 2006 to 2014 who underwent an ophthalmologic examination. The study population included 579,946 males and females between 16 and 19.9 years of age. Subjects were divided into 4 groups based on adjusted BMI percentiles: underweight (8.3%), normal weight (73.9%), overweight (10.7%), and obese (7.1%). The odds for having keratoconus were compared with the normal weight group. The primary outcome measure was the odds ratio (OR) for the association between BMI groups and keratoconus. RESULTS: The prevalence of keratoconus in the general population was 164 cases per 100,000, increasing over time (P < .05). There was a greater prevalence of keratoconus among obese adolescents (270/100,000) than of overweight (179/100,000), normal weight (154/100,000), and underweight (141/100,000) adolescents. Compared with the normal weight group, the OR for obese adolescents was 1.50 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.22-1.83; P < .05), the OR for overweight adolescents was 1.42 (95% CI 1.08-1.92; P < .05), and the OR for underweight adolescents was 0.84 (95% CI 0.65-1.09; P = .18) after adjustment for gender, age, height, country of origin, and socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides strong evidence regarding the independent association between BMI and keratoconus. Overweight and obese adolescents have higher odds of having keratoconus compared with normal weight adolescents. BMI should be considered a risk factor for keratoconus and further research should elucidate how obesity is involved in the progress of keratoconus.

Population seroprotection against hepatitis a virus in Israel 18 years after introduction of inactivated vaccine into the routine childhood vaccination schedule.

Vaccine against Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is part of the routine vaccination schedule in Israel since 1999. As of 2016, new recruits to the Israel Defense Forces should have been vaccinated in their childhood. This sero-survey aimed to determine immunity against HAV 18 years after childhood vaccination, and to re-evaluate the need for HAV vaccination booster upon recruitment. Two populations were studied: soldiers who were recruited during 2011-2012, who belonged to birth cohorts before childhood vaccination (BCV) was introduced; and recruits from 2017, who belonged to birth cohorts after childhood vaccination (ACV) was introduced. Data on 339 BCV recruits and 295 ACV recruits were analyzed. Seropositivity was 35% in the BCV group and 68% in the ACV group (P < 0.0001). Seropositivity rates among ACV subjects enable evaluation of the vaccination program's impact on the population. Our findings do not support discontinuation of HAV vaccination of at risk groups until further evaluation.

Freeze-dried plasma stability under prehospital field conditions.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the effect of routine, uncontrolled, Israeli field storage conditions on the stability and efficacy of Lyo-Plas N freeze-dried plasma (FDP). We evaluated clotting factors V, VIII, and XI; proteins S and C; fibrinogen; partial thromboplastin time (PTT); antithrombin III (ATIII); von Willebrand factor (VWF); and international normalized ratio (INR) in FDP stored at 4°C, 25°C, and 40°C for 6 and 12 months, as well as FDP returned from field units after uncontrolled storage for 15 months (manufacturer's shelf life). METHODS AND MATERIALS: After reconstitution, clotting factor levels were compared to those of freshly supplied FDP doses. RESULTS: At 4°C for 12 months, factor V decreased slightly. At 25°C, average fibrinogen and factor V content were significantly lower at both periods, and INR was higher after 12 months. At 40°C, all samples were out of normal range in at least one clotting factor after 6 or 12 months. After field storage for 15 months, fibrinogen, factors V and XI, PTT, and protein S were significantly decreased, and INR increased. However, these levels were still within laboratory norms. Statistically significant difference in clotting factors compared to laboratory normal range was found in INR (higher) and factor V (lower). CONCLUSIONS: Our data show minimal decreases in clotting factors in FDP after storage under field conditions, when compared to laboratory normal ranges. Along with the many advantages of FDP, this supports its use at the point of injury under battlefield conditions, despite uncontrolled storage environments. Under controlled storage conditions at 4°C, shelf life could possibly be extended, although further study is required.

Association Between Type of Educational System and Prevalence and Severity of Myopia Among Male Adolescents in Israel.

IMPORTANCE: A substantial portion of the public is diagnosed with myopia, which increases the risk of potential sight-threatening complications. The association between study style and the development of myopia is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between studying in different educational systems and the prevalence and severity of myopia among Jewish male adolescents in Israel. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A nationwide, population-based study was conducted of 22 823 male candidates for military service in Israel aged 17 to 18 years attending the military draft board in 2013 who underwent a medical examination and a visual acuity assessment. Statistical analysis was performed from January 1 to March 31, 2018. EXPOSURES: The participants studied in 1 of 3 Israeli educational systems: secular, Orthodox, or ultra-Orthodox. The ultra-Orthodox system and, to a lesser extent, the Orthodox system involve intensive reading starting in early childhood compared with the secular system. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The odds ratio (OR) for the association between educational system and the prevalence and severity of myopia. RESULTS: Among the 22 823 participants (mean [SD] age, 17.7 [0.6] years), there was a higher proportion of adolescents in the ultra-Orthodox educational system with myopia (1871 of 2276 [82.2%]) compared with adolescents in the Orthodox educational system (1604 of 3189 [50.3%]) and those in the secular educational system (5155 of 17 358 [29.7%]). Compared with adolescents in the secular educational system, those in the Orthodox educational system were more likely to have myopia (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 2.1-2.5; P < .001), as were those in the ultra-Orthodox educational system (OR, 9.3; 95% CI, 8.2-10.7; P < .001), after adjustment for age, country of origin, socioeconomic status, years of education, and body mass index. The multivariable adjusted OR for high myopia (refractive error of at least -6.0 diopters) was 4.6 (95% CI, 3.8-5.5; P < .001) for adolescents in the Orthodox educational system and 38.5 (95% CI, 30.7-48.2; P < .001) for adolescents in the ultra-Orthodox educational system compared with adolescents in the secular educational system. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study provides evidence of the independent association between educational systems and the prevalence and severity of myopia. Male adolescents in the ultra-Orthodox educational system have higher odds of having myopia and high myopia. These findings suggest that study styles that involve intensive reading and other near-work activities (those done at a short working distance) play a role in the development of myopia and warrant consideration of prevention strategies.

Measles Outbreak in a Highly Vaccinated Population - Israel, July-August 2017.

On August 6, 2017, the Israeli Defense Force Public Heath Branch (IDFPHB) was notified of two suspected measles cases. IDFPHB conducted an epidemiologic investigation, which identified nine measles cases in a population with high measles vaccination coverage. All measles patients had signs and symptoms consistent with modified measles (i.e., less severe disease with milder rash, fever, or both, with or without other mild typical measles symptoms). A total of 1,392 contacts were identified, and 162 received postexposure prophylaxis (PEP) with measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine; the remaining contacts were followed for 21 days (one incubation period). No tertiary cases were identified.

Outbreak of human leptospirosis linked to contaminated water bodies in Northern Israel, June to August 2018.

We report preliminary findings of a large outbreak of human leptospirosis with 36 confirmed/probable and 583 suspected cases from June-August 2018, linked to contaminated water bodies in Northern Israel. There was a travel-associated case in Germany; additional cases are being investigated in other countries. The presumed chain of transmission, implicating wild boar and cattle, raises multiple challenges for risk assessment, risk management and risk communication currently being addressed by a public health response team.

Seroprevalence of anti-HBs antibodies at young adulthood, before and after a booster vaccine dose, among medical personnel vaccinated in infancy.

BACKGROUND: Questions remain regarding the long-term protection provided by childhood HBV vaccination. The goals of this study were to assess HBV seroprevalence among medical personnel purportedly vaccinated in infancy; to investigate the immune response after a booster dose given in young adulthood; and to identify predictors of non-responders. METHODS: Between 2011 and 2013 we studied Israeli male military recruits purportedly vaccinated in infancy. All subjects were born after January 1st 1992 and were undergoing medic training. We collected personal data and blood samples at baseline, and administered a dose of HBV vaccine. Subjects were retested one month later and received a second dose. A third blood draw was conducted one month after the second dose. Data collected at baseline were used as predictor variables of seropositivity (anti-HBs≥10mIU/ml). RESULTS: 617 subjects were available for baseline analysis and 539 for paired observations at one month. Baseline seropositivity was 33.7%. Subjects who received post-infancy vaccine doses had a seropositivity rate double that of those denying additional doses (RR 2.22, 95% CI 1.55-3.18). One month after the first booster dose, the overall cumulative population seropositivity reached 87.7%. One month after the second vaccine dose, population seropositivity was 97.9%. Heavy smokers were 5 times less likely to demonstrate detectable antibodies after a single booster dose (OR 0.196, 95% CI 0.060-0.641, P=0.007). CONCLUSIONS: This population-based study is important for informing public health vaccination policy. Our results strongly indicate that among cohorts vaccinated in infancy, two doses in adulthood will provide maximal protective antibody levels, while one dose will provide sufficient population protection.

Syphilis outbreak among men who have sex with men, Tel Aviv, Israel, 2008-2009.

BACKGROUND: Outbreaks of syphilis have been described among men who have sex with men (MSM) in many western urban communities in the last few years. OBJECTIVES: To describe the first reported outbreak of syphilis among MSM in Israel within a decade of a constant increase in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence. METHODS: All patients diagnosed with syphilis were contacted and asked about their sexual behavior, substance use and previous infections. All were tested for HIV and a phylogenetic analysis was performed. RESULTS: A total of 23 (59%) of all 39 male patients diagnosed with primary or secondary syphilis between August 2008 and August 2009 were interviewed. All were MSM and performed anal intercourse, while 13 (55%) reported unprotected anal intercourse. Most participants (21, 91%) practiced unprotected oral intercourse. Nine participants (39%) reported unprotected oral intercourse while using condoms during anal intercourse. Ten participants (43%) reported sexual contacts while traveling abroad in the previous few months. Most participants (96%) were co-infected with HIV, and 15 (68%) were already aware of their HIV infection. Fifteen (66%) reported the use of recreational drugs, alcohol, or both before or during sex. No common source or core transmitters were identified. CONCLUSIONS: This syphilis outbreak included MSM who were co-infected with HIV and were characterized by risky sexual behavior including multiple partners, unprotected anal intercourse and substance use. Future targeted interventions should focus on HIV-infected MSM for secondary prevention.